The breast period lasts. Breast age. Premature baby care

The period of infancy - from the 29th day of a child's life after birth until the end of the first year of life. This period is characterized by an intensive increase in the child's body weight and height, intense physical, neuropsychic, and intellectual development. The name itself speaks of the close contact of the child with the mother in this period. During infancy, the foundation of human health is laid. At baby there is an innate need for active knowledge of the world around him.

Intensive increase in body weight. By 4.5 months, the body weight at birth doubles; by the end of the year, the body weight is 10–10.5 kg. Significant growth rates are noted: body length increases by 50% of the length at birth and reaches 75–77 cm by the year. The head circumference by the year is 46–47 cm, the chest circumference is 48 cm. The child's motor skills and motor skills are developing rapidly. There are three "peaks" of motor activity. The first - at the age of 3–4 months - is associated with significant morphofunctional changes in the projection visual zone; he is characterized by a complex of revival, joy at the first communication with adults. The second - at the age of 7–8 months - crawling activation, the formation of binocular vision and mastery of space. The third peak - 11–12 months - the beginning of walking. These types of motor activity are determined by sensory-motor connections, and the processes of growth and development are determined by the skeletal muscles of the child and his motor activity.

Features of the CNS. By the year, there is an increase in brain mass by 2–2.5 times. Intensive differentiation of brain nerve cells is noted in the first 5–6 months of a child's life. Great importance in development it has an orienting reflex, reflecting the child's innate need for movement and activity of the sense organs. Nerve connections between the child and surrounding people are established through facial expressions, gestures, voice intonations. The development of fine finger movements contributes to the development of the brain and speech. The emergence of a connection between the words and the response motor reactions of the child is of great importance, then the child’s connection of the visual and auditory perception of objects with words, the names of objects when they are shown, the connection with individual actions (“give”, “show”) - this is the optimal course of development necessary as a basis for subsequent periods of childhood. The need for contact with adults determines mental development child.

EEG features: at 2–3 months a stable rhythm is noted, at 4–6 months the changes are unidirectional, and at 8–10 months progressive individualization is observed.

Features of the endocrine system. In the chest period in children, there is an increase in the function of the pituitary and thyroid glands. The level of thyroxine and triiodothyronine is higher than in adults. They stimulate the metabolism, growth and development of the child, ensure the normal differentiation of the brain and intellectual development, but at the same time, the pituitary-thyroid system is the most vulnerable and sensitive to adverse influences, especially environmental and environmental factors. Clinically, this is characterized by a decrease in the rate of weight gain, the development of anemia and an increase in SARS. In the chest period, there is an increase in adrenal function and the biological activity of corticosteroids. There is a partial involution of the fetal zone of the adrenal cortex.

Features of immunity. Compared with the neonatal period, there is a slight decrease in the number of T- and B-lymphocytes, a decrease in maternal IgG, starting from 2–3 months. At 4–6 months, the first critical period of immunity is observed, which is characterized by a weakening of passive humoral immunity received from the mother, and the most low level specific antibodies - physiological hypoimmunoglobulinemia. Synthesis of its own IgG begins in a child from 2–3 months of age, its constant level is established after 8 months–1 year.

The level of IgM by the end of the year of life reaches 50% of the adult level. The increase in secretory IgA is slow. IgE content in healthy child insignificant throughout the year, with manifestations of atopic dermatitis it increases significantly. The synthesis of IgM is characteristic of the chest period, leaving no immunological memory. In connection with the above, there is a high sensitivity to respiratory syncytial viruses, parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses; measles, whooping cough atypically, leaving no immunity.

Nonspecific resistance factors. In infants, a high content of lysozyme and properdin is observed, the level of complement in the blood serum rapidly increases, and from the first month of life, its content does not differ from the level of an adult. From 2–6 months, the final phase of phagocytosis to pathogenic microorganisms is formed, with the exception of pneumococcus, staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Haemophilus influenzae.

Physical development infant and speech development is so fast that it is estimated by quarters of the year.

Child development 1-3 months. Weight gain by the end of the 1st month 500-600 g, in the second month of life - 800 g; in the third month - 700–800 g. Growth increases every month by 3 cm and head circumference - by 3 cm, chest circumference by 2.5–3 cm in 1 month.

Motor Functions: at 1.5–2 months, he holds his head, hand movements progress, and accidentally hits a suspended toy. Stretches out a hand to the subject, but still not enough. The first differentiated hand movements occur on the 2nd - beginning of the 3rd month of life.

Speech development: cooing appears from 1.5–2 months.

Neuropsychic development. In the first quarter of the year, a mental biorhythm is established in a child: sleep-wakefulness; transitional segments between them - falling asleep - awakening, which are 10 minutes. If the transitional intervals exceed 30 minutes, then this impedes the mental development of the child in the specified age period (1–3 months). At the age of 1–1.5 months, the child has a visual-auditory search and visual concentration on the face of an adult - listening, looking with wide eyes. The reaction of general mimic animation in response to the addressed speech of adults, especially the mother, is characteristic. From 2 months a conscious smile appears, and from 3 months - laughter, recognition of the mother; there is a pronounced need to communicate with an adult. From 3 months, the baby has the ability to look to find the source of the sound. By the end of the 3rd month, the duration of visual concentration is observed - 7–10 minutes. The formation of a positive mimic-somatic complex at the age of 3 months is very important - in response to addressed speech, sighs, throwing up the arms, and moving the legs appear.

Mental retardation - lack of active wakefulness.

Leading lines of development- this is what receives the greatest development at this age stage and is progressive for the further development of the child. At 1–3 months, this is the development of visual, auditory, orienting and positive emotional reactions.

Child development at 3-6 months. Body weight gain by months: 750–700–650 g. Body length increases by 2.5–2 cm, head circumference by 1 cm every month, chest circumference by 1–1.5 cm/month.

motor functions. Raises head in prone position - 3 months, lying on back - 4 months. Makes a bridge - 4.5 months. Raises head and torso high, leaning on hands - 6 months. Turns over on the stomach from a supine position - 5-6 months, on the back from a position on the stomach - 6 months. At 6 months, the child sits independently.

At the age of 3–6 months, the child has a rapid development of hand movements: at 3–4 months, he prefers to examine his hands; on the 4th month feels the blanket; at 4 months grasps an object and holds it in the hand for 20–30 seconds; on the 5th month, grasps the object with the imposition of fingers (“monkey” grasping); at 6 months, holds an object in each hand and examines them, or drags them into his mouth.

Development of speech functions. At 5 months - melodious cooing, self-imitation in cooing; at 5–6 months, he begins to pronounce the first syllables “ma”, “ba”. There is an ability to localize sound in space, a differentiated reaction to sound.

Neuropsychic development. A child of 3–3.5 months quickly searches for the source of the sound. At 5 months, self-imitation appears in cooing: slows down the movement, listens. A new qualitative acquisition appears in psychomotor development: visual-tactile-motor coordination, the cognitive triangle of the eye-hand-object, distinguishes the main forms of objects. In a child of 3–6 months, the dominant form of activity is playing with a toy. After 5 months, cognitive elements appear in response to novelty (whatever one does, the new becomes the main one). The reactions of communication with adults change, joy or fear manifests itself (the latter is a sign of increased nervous excitability).

Leading line of development- hand movement, preparatory stages of active speech - imitation of syllables.

If by 5-6 months the child continues to examine his hands - this early symptom mental retardation. Absence of elements of self-imitation in cooing.

Child development 6-9 months. Body weight gain by months: 600 g–500 g–500 g. Body length increases by 2 cm + 2 cm + 1.5 cm, head circumference for the second half of the year by 2.5 cm, chest circumference - .5 cm–1 cm per month.

motor functions. At 7 months, the child stands on its feet, holding onto a support, at the 7th month it crawls in a circle, at 7.5 months it crawls backwards, and at the 8th month it walks on all fours. From 8 months sits on his own, adhering to the support. A child of 8-9 months is constantly focused on some kind of activity, he needs to be taught new actions, for example, roll a ball, open boxes, close the lids near the pan, etc.

Development of hand movements. At 8 months the child uses the method of grasping "claws", and at 9 months. begins to grab objects with his fingers.

The development of speech. During this period, understanding of speech develops, the child listens carefully when he hears his name. From 6–7 months babbling appears, from 7–8 months sensory speech appears - an understanding of the meaning of individual words uttered by adults. This is expressed by turning the head, stretching the handles in the direction of the called object or person.

Neuropsychic development. At 6–7 months, knowledge of the names individual items. This is one of necessary conditions the formation of active speech in a child. At 8 months, he looks for the named object with a glance in response to the question “where?”. At 7–8 months, he makes “patties” in response to a request.

A persistent desire to achieve the fulfillment of one's desire is characteristic, while screaming, but not crying. Angry notes are heard in the voice, but he also understands the firm intonations of the mother at the same time. So you can bring up a reaction to the word “no”. At 8–9 months, the child carefully looks at objects, learns the name of the main toys. At the same time, he is interested in his reflection in the mirror. From 9 months, the appearance of the first words is noted (with the correct upbringing of the child). At 9 months, he watches a falling object, responds to the request "give me a pen."

Leading lines of development. This is the development of general movements, actions with objects. Development of preparatory stages of understanding active speech. Strive to achieve results.

Impaired mental function. A delay in mental development in this period may be indicated by throwing toys without interest in them and a delay in the development of speech functions.

Child development 9-12 months. Body weight gain by months 450 g–400 g–350 g. Body length increases by 1.5 cm every month.

motor functions. At 10 months, the child stands on his own for a few seconds (without support), walks, holding his hands to an adult or the arena barrier. At 11 months, he squats with the help of an adult; walks holding on to a support or one hand of an adult. At 12 months, the child gets up on his own without help. At the age of 1 year or the beginning of the 2nd year - walks independently.

Hand development. At 9–10 months, he grasps objects with two fingers, at 10 months he puts his fingers into holes. From 11 months, the baby manipulates toys, and at 12 months he has been playing with them for a long time.

The development of speech. There is a close relationship between the development of subtle movements of the fingers and the formation of speech (“leads” with a finger). At 9 months, there is a true situational understanding of speech addressed to him and an action response to a verbal instruction; looking for toys. At 9–10 months, the first conscious words appear, and by the end of the year, 8–10 words. There is a new interest - looking at picture books.

By the end of the year there is a connection between the name of the subject and the subject itself. This is the initial form of understanding speech by a child.

Neuropsychic development. From the age of 9 months, the child shows an increased interest in new objects, this is expressed by facial expressions of surprise and alertness, but at the same time he performs a purposeful action, and, as it were, foresees its result. At 9–10 months, the development of fine finger movements differs, which contributes to the development of the brain and speech (shows named objects, recognizable animals, birds in pictures, etc. with the finger of the hand). From 10–11 months, a reaction to a sound of a new quality appears - a connection with the content and meaning of this sound (barking dogs, ticking clocks, etc.). By 10–11 months, attachment to loved ones appears. At 11–12 months, an understanding of the generalizing function of the word is formed (big–small dog, black–white). Expressed interest in the rhythms of simple songs. There is a differentiated reaction to an unfamiliar face. Contact is not established immediately (at first the child "studies" an unfamiliar face). By the end of the year, he knows the name of many objects and performs 5-10 instructions - a combination of a word with an object and an action. Thus, at the request of an adult, he performs small assignments.

leading line of development. Development of general movements, actions with objects; understanding and development of active speech.

Impaired mental function. Lack of a differentiated selective response to an unfamiliar face. Reactions of fear and protest testify to the increased nervous excitability of the child.

An important period in which the question is decided whether the child will be independent is the second half of the first year of his life. At this time, the child shows interest in all people and things, "intelligence activities", and he should not be interfered with in its implementation.

According to psychologists, at the age of one year, a child has 37% of the logical ability of an adult and 16% of working memory. This is a man with his own ideas.

The main features of organs and systems

Respiratory system. The respiratory rate is 30–35 per 1 min, by the year 30. The respiratory rhythm in children during the first months of life is labile, has not yet been established. The lungs are airy, more full-blooded, poor in elastic and muscle fibers. The interstitial tissue in the lungs is more developed, richly supplied with blood vessels. Capillaries and lymphatic slits are wider than in an adult. In the first months of a child's life, a mosaic histostructure is noted. The lungs grow due to an increase in alveolar volume, in parallel, differentiation of all elements of the acinus occurs. The instability of the gas exchange system occurs at the age of 3 to 5 months.

circulatory system. The lumen of the arteries is wide, the lumen of the veins is equal to the lumen of the arteries. The circumference of the trunk of the pulmonary artery is greater than the circumference of the trunk of the ascending aorta. The pulse is 130 beats per minute, by the end of the year of a child's life it decreases to 120 beats per minute. Systolic blood pressure for children of the first year of life is calculated by the formula 75 + 2 n, where n is the number of months; diastolic pressure is .5 - 1/3 systolic. The muscle fibers of the heart are thin, the connective tissue is underdeveloped. The transverse striation of the heart muscle becomes clearly pronounced after 1 year of the child's life. The rate of blood flow in children is higher than in adults and decreases with age.

Heart growth is most intensive in the first 2 years of life, at the age of 12–14 years and 17–20 years. During the period of childhood, the mass of the myocardium of the right ventricle increases 10 times, and the left - 17 times.

Organs of the urinary system. The kidneys of an infant have a lobular structure and a relatively thin cortical layer. The diameter of the ureters is wide, the muscle tissue is poorly developed, the ureters are long, have bends, kinks easily occur, which can lead to stagnation of urine. Glomerular filtration in infants is 1/3–1/4 of the renal filtration of adults, by 5–6 months - 50–60%, and only by 2–3 years becomes normal. Sodium reabsorption is 99.8%, excretion is 0.2%, and therefore infants adapt more easily to a reduced intake of sodium and water from food than to excess. The kidneys do not sufficiently excrete non-volatile (organic) acids. The amount of hydrogen ions formed is 2-3 times higher, and the secretion by the kidneys is much lower, and therefore there is an ease of shifting the acid-base state towards acidosis. By the 1st year, the amount of urine is 600 ml. The act of urination in the first months of a child's life is carried out on the basis of congenital unconditioned spinal reflexes. As the child grows and develops, it turns into an arbitrary process, regulated by the subcortex and cerebral cortex. The number of urination in a child under 1 year old is 15–16, at 3 years old - 7–8 per day.

Growth and development in infancy, it is provided with a high level of metabolism: the child has 3 times more oxygen demand. Growth (plastic metabolism) consumes 76% of energy in the first 3 months of life, 28% at 4–6 months, 13% at 7–9 months, and 6% at 10–12 months. At the same time, 50% of energy is covered by fats, 39% - hydrocarbons.

An infant is characterized by a low dispersion of tissues and their richness in water, which ensures a high level of assimilation processes. characterized by a high water content relative to body weight - 80% (for comparison, in adults - 60%). The daily exchange of water in infancy is 50% (in an adult - 14%).

Organs and systems are characterized by a delay in the development of functions, ongoing differentiation of tissues, imperfection of protective barriers: skin, intestinal, hepatic, blood-brain, hematohistiocytic. In an infant, the imperfection of the biological rhythms of organs and systems, that is, the sequence of physiological processes, is noted. For example, daily fluctuations in the temperature rhythm are formed only by the 6th week of life, while the digestive rhythm is ready by the time of birth. Synchronization of the rhythm of the pituitary-adrenal system occurs by the end of the neonatal period, and the daily rhythm of electrolytes - by 4 months of life.

The nature of the pathology. Respiratory diseases, acute gastrointestinal diseases; food allergy; rickets, dystrophy, iron deficiency anemia. In infancy, hereditary diseases appear. Behind last years the incidence of tuberculosis, syphilis, and possibly HIV infection has increased.

Infectious pathogens: respiratory viruses, pathogens of intestinal infections and acute childhood infections, bacillus tuberculosis, spirochete pallida, HIV.

Mode and upbringing of the child. The concept of "conditions" for the development of the child includes: age regimens of the day, feeding and nutrition, physical education, conditions for mental development, sanitary and hygienic conditions. Among the conditions for neuropsychic development, the consideration of the leading type of child's activity is of great importance.

The role of an adult is the leading one in ensuring the normal physical, mental development and health of children. The mother-child system plays an important role. Maternal care is necessary, it must be strong, helpful and warm so that the child feels confident in the big world for him; however, this concern should not be all-forgiving. Affectionate friendliness has the same meaning for emotional development baby is like breast milk for the physical.

Up to 1 year of age, the number of hours of sleep can be determined by the formula 22–.5n, where n is the number of months of life. The wakefulness of the child must be active, an impulse to knowledge, then walking is necessary. Movement is one of the factors determining the processes of growth and development. In the first months of life, pay attention to the development of movements; in the position on the stomach, the child sees more objects. From 2.5–3 months, several times a day, let the baby rest his feet on a flat surface, holding his armpits; from 4–4.5 months, also holding, help him “dance” on a flat surface. In this case, the child should lean not with his fingers, but with the whole foot. With the stubborn reliance of the child only on the "toe", this may be due to a violation of the central nervous system. From 6–7 months, the child can sit (but not plant!), He must sit down himself. From 7–8 months he can stand, holding on to a support for as long as he wants. It is not necessary to specifically hold the child in a standing position. From 7–8 months, lower to crawl on the floor, put on 2 pairs of sliders. Forms of movement of the child: crawling on his stomach, crawling on all fours, sliding on the buttocks and vertical walking from 10-11-12 months - he takes the first steps on his own initiative or with little encouragement.

The child must try his hand at knowing things. Already after 2 months of life, he expressed a reaction of surprise and interest in the toy. It is necessary to ensure that the toy is suspended in the crib at the level of the child's outstretched arm; the change of toys is important. From 5 months, toys are not hung up, but laid out during wakefulness next to the child (stimulation for turning on the stomach). You should learn to take a toy that is held above the baby's chest or on the side. When positioned on the stomach, toys should be at arm's length (crawling encouragement). In addition, the leading role of hand movements and general movements in the development of speech understanding should be taken into account. Up to 6–7 months, active grasping of the object and exploratory manipulation of it is formed. At the same time, inter-analyzer ties are developing and strengthening. Knowing the names of certain objects is one of the necessary conditions for the active speech of the child and the appearance of the first words. Of great importance is the acquisition of experience in actions with objects and their generalizations, which are the genetic roots of thinking and speech (waving, tapping toys; open - close the lids of the boxes). The development of fine movements of the fingers and hand contributes to the development of the brain and speech. I. M. Sechenov emphasized that “the roots and thoughts of a child lie in feeling,” and the great teacher Sukhomlinsky said that “a child’s thought lies at the tips of his fingers.” The development of speech communication is an indicator of the normal development of the child.

Period early age(1–3 years)

The period of early age is determining the further development of the child and to a certain extent is critical, since in the first years of the child's life the program for the development of the organism is specified, the level of physical and mental development is formed. During this period, resistance to adverse environmental factors is formed. Early detection of violations is important cognitive activity child. In addition, in the first 3 years of a child's life, hereditary data, hereditary burden for mental development, develop or slow down. During this period, resistance to adverse environmental factors is formed. Of great importance is the early detection of violations of the cognitive activity of the child. In addition, in the first 3 years of a child's life, hereditary data, hereditary burden develop or slow down. For mental development at this age, a powerful stimulus is the degree of surprise with the world around him.

Features of growth and development. Slowing down the increase in body weight (2nd year - 2.5-3 kg, 3rd - 2 kg) and growth (2nd year - 10-12 cm, 3rd year - 7-8 cm). Relative predominance of head height and body length over limbs. Intensive increase in muscle mass. Increasing motor activity, improving walking, mastering running, walking on an inclined plane. Further improvement of hand movements. Increased efficiency, wakefulness without fatigue - 6–6.5 hours.

Features of the CNS. Increase by 3 years of brain mass by 3 times. Myelination improvement. Strengthening the management of the functions of organs and systems from the cerebral cortex. The speed of changing one focus of excitation in the cerebral cortex to another. New for this age is the participation in the analysis of information of the associative areas of the brain (processing and imprinting information).

EEG. Very fast evolution up to 3 years of age. At the age of 4–5 years, a pronounced a-rhythm appears.

Neuropsychic development. The highest degree of emotional manifestations. The predominance of positive emotional reactions. Laying the foundations of intelligence. The development of speech. Speech becomes the main means of communication with adults and children. In the second year, 8–10 new words per month. In the 3rd year - 50-60 words. From 2 years 6 months to 3 years lexicon 1200-1500 words, speaking in simple phrases. The child easily repeats the phrases he hears. Rapid development of memory: remembering a specific event, establishing the relationship and sequence of events. The study of the characteristics of the subject - exploratory behavior. Developing action of visual and constructive activity. The formation of individual traits of character and behavior. The ability of the brain to develop internal inhibition is characteristic, on the basis of which the volitional qualities of the personality are formed. Selective attitude towards children. In the second year, the needs are higher than the possibilities available to the child, the desire for vigorous activity. At 2.5–3 years old, the child easily memorizes poems and songs, his speech is emotionally expressive. Elements appear role play. The central formation of a 3-year-old child is the "I" system. Curiosity is a motivating force for mental development. It is very important for neuropsychic development that a child has questions: “What?”, “Where?”, “Why?”, “Why?”, “Where?”, “When?”.

At the end of the neonatal period, the child enters the next stage of life - the period of infancy, which is characterized by rapid growth, development and improvement of all organs and systems.

The growth of a full-term baby is 49 - 51 cm. Boys are usually larger than girls. The child grows most vigorously in the first months of life, then the growth rate slows down somewhat: by the age of 3 months, the child, on average, increases in height by 3 cm per month, by 6 months - 2 - 2.5 cm, by 9 months - 2 cm and by the end of the 1st year of life - 1.5 cm per month. Thus, during the first six months of life, the child grows by 15 - 16 cm, and for the entire first year of life - by 25 - 27 cm.

The laws of body mass increase are the same as those of growth, younger child, the more intense is the weight gain: in the 1st month of life, the child on average adds 600 g (taking into account the compensation of physiological loss of body weight), during the 2nd and 3rd months of life, 800-900 g each, and then during each subsequent month of life, the child adds 50 g less than in the previous month.

To find out what height and body weight a child should have in the first year of life, it is necessary to add to these indicators at birth the corresponding indicators of weight gain and growth over the past year.

It is convenient to use the table.

Average indicators of increase in height and body weight in children of the 1st year of life

Age of childrenka, month	Height increase, cm		Weight gain, g
	per month	for the entire period	per month	for the entire period
1	3	3	600	600
2	3	6	800	1400
3	2,5	8,5	800	2200
4	2,5	11	750	2950
5	2	13	700	3650
6	2	15	650	4300
7	2	17	600	4900
8	2	19	550	5450
9	1,5	20,5	500	5950
10	1,5	22	450	6400
11	1,5	23,5	400	6800
12	1,5	25	350	7150

The first year of a child's life is also characterized by the intensive development of the central nervous system- the formation of active movements, various skills and abilities.

At the age of 1 month, the child already holds his head well, responds to sounds, and smiles. By the 3rd month, the volume of movements increases: the child turns from back to side, begins to grab objects, clearly determines the direction of sounds, and recognizes loved ones. At 6 months, the child rolls over well, begins to crawl, pronounces separate syllables. By the 9th month, he sits down on his own, moves at the support, babbles a lot. At the age of 1 year, the child usually begins to walk, speaks 10-12 words, knows how to drink well from a cup, and tries to eat on his own.

During the first year of life, many significant changes occur in the child's body, consisting in the maturation and formation of all organs and tissues. The bone skeleton acquires greater density, muscle mass increases, the subcutaneous fat layer develops, the skin thickens, becomes less vulnerable, and the functions of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems improve.

After 6 months of life in a child, by the year the child usually has 8 teeth.

The development of the gastrointestinal tract continues. Starting from the first months of life, the volume of the stomach increases significantly, reaching 150-180 ml by 3 months, and 250 ml by 1 year. In connection with the introduction of various new types of food into the child's diet, the separation of digestive juices increases with an increase in their activity. The processes of splitting and assimilation of nutrients are improved.

Almost by the end of the 1st year of life, the child can receive all the basic foods. The frequency of stools in comparison with newborns decreases to 2 - 3, and by the end of the year to 1 - 2 times a day. Some children, especially artificial feeding, the chair can be in a day. With a good general condition of the child, this should not cause alarm and does not require any intervention.

"Nutrition for children", E.Ch. Novikova,
K.S. Ladodo, M.Ya. Brenz

Early childhood is the period of a child's life, which covers the age from 1 year to 3 years. During this period, there is a gradual improvement of all the functional capabilities of the body of children. However, a young child is still highly vulnerable, susceptible to various diseases, including disorders of the digestive organs; a child of this age is easily susceptible to any ...

School age (7 - 15 years) is characterized by the further development of the child's body. In school-age children, the muscular system develops intensively, growth increases, body proportions change, and secondary sexual characteristics are formed. The development of school-age children is even more uneven. At primary school age, quantitative changes predominate (further increase in height and body weight, improvement in the structure of organs, tissues, systems). At…

It is very important that the ratio of animal and plant proteins in the daily diet of the child is correct. For children of the first months, animal proteins make up about 100% of the total amount of protein contained in the child's diet. For children from 1 to 3 years old - 70 - 75%, for children preschool age- 60 - 65%, for schoolchildren ...

This period begins from 3-4 weeks of life and conditionally ends at 12 months. It is characterized by higher rates of physical and mental development than in subsequent years. The body weight of the child by the end of the first year of life triples. Height increases by 25 cm, head circumference - by 12 cm, and chest circumference - by 13–15 cm. The proportions of the body change significantly, approaching those in an adult, which is expressed in the predominant elongation of the limbs and, to a lesser extent, the trunk and head. Along with this, the child's body undergoes noticeable qualitative changes. In the first months of life, the processes of cell neoplasm are carried out, nerve cells acquire dendrites, fibers are myelinated. Static functions develop: by 2 months. the child holds his head well, being in an upright position; from 4–5 months rolls over from stomach to back, then from back to stomach; by 7 months sits on its own, and by the end of the year begins to walk. By 5 - 6 months. milk teeth begin to erupt, by the year there are usually 8 teeth.

In infancy, a child's mental development is carried out at a significant pace. As the CNS differentiates, starting from 2–3 weeks, and especially after a month, conditioned reflexes develop (1st signaling system). At first, they are quite simple, for example, a reflex to the position when feeding, and then become much more complicated. From 1 month the movements of the eyeballs become coordinated, the gaze is fixed on bright objects, auditory concentration appears, by the end of the 2nd month the child follows the movement of the object, smiles. From 3-4 months. he emotionally coos, recognizes loved ones, from the age of 6 months he babbles the syllables “ba”, “pa”, “ma”, laughs out loud. By the end of the year, the child pronounces the first meaningful words (from this moment the development of speech begins - the second signal system), fulfills simple requirements, understands the words of the ban. By this time, physical development is slowing down, mental development is ahead of it.

For the correct development of the child, a clear organization of the regimen, nutrition, alternation of periods of sleep and wakefulness is necessary. Children 2-3 months old should be provided with a total sleep of 16-18 hours, of which 10-11 hours at night and 6-7 hours during the day in 3-4 doses; at the age of 3 - 6 months, the duration of sleep is 16 hours a day; from 6 to 10 months. - 15-16 hours, of which about 5 hours in the afternoon in 3 doses. After 10 months, children switch to a double daytime sleep with a total duration of 14.5 - 15 hours per day. After each sleep, the child should eat, and after each feeding, stay awake. All vital systems of the organism, adapted to extrauterine existence during the first month of life, are still unstable and easily upset under any irrational conditions. Properly organized feeding should provide a high need for a child of the first year of life in basic nutrients and calories. Unbalanced nutrition in conditions of intensive growth leads to the development of diseases associated with an easily occurring deficiency of certain substances. These include anemia, rickets, malnutrition. At the same time, the relative immaturity of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract makes it difficult to digest food and predisposes to the rapid development of gastrointestinal diseases.

In the first 3-4 months the child shows increased resistance to many infections (measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, chicken pox, rubella, etc.) due to the preservation of passive immunity acquired in utero through the placenta. At the same time, it is sensitive to pyogenic microorganisms and especially to the intestinal flora. There is a tendency to generalize the inflammatory process, to a general response to any impact. So, with a number of diseases (pneumonia, influenza, dysentery), convulsions, meningeal phenomena, and toxicosis may develop.

Age periodization - periodization of stages in a person's life and determining the age boundaries of these stages, the system of age stratification adopted in society.

BREAST AGE At this age, the child undergoes intensive development of all organs and systems, the need for energy and nutrients increases, therefore, in addition to breast milk, complementary foods are introduced from 6 months. It marks the transition from breastfeeding to normal eating. In this period, the improvement of the central nervous and other organs and systems takes place. After 4 months, the chewing apparatus improves, teething begins.

In the chest period, there is a high rate of physical and mental development. Body weight triples by the end of the first year, height increases by an average of 25 cm, head circumference - by 12 cm, chest circumference - by 13–15 cm.

The proportions of the body also change, the limbs lengthen, static functions develop: the child begins to hold his head, by 7 months he sits on his own, and by the year he walks.

In infancy, mental development occurs rapidly. By the end of the year, the child begins to understand the words, says the first meaningful words.

Breast period. The duration of this period is conditionally determined by the necessary period of feeding the child. breast milk; in most children, it ends by the end of the first year of life. A characteristic feature of this period is the intensive growth of the child's body. This causes an increased need for food in children of the first year of life. But since their digestive organs are still not functionally developed, the slightest errors in the diet lead to acute and chronic disorders of digestion and nutrition. The pronounced instability of metabolic processes with intensive growth of the skeleton makes infants predisposed to rickets; some children have so-called anomalies of the constitution of exudative, neuropathic and lymphatic diathesis. In addition, infants have a tendency to diffuse reactions, and therefore, with various diseases (pneumonia, influenza, acute catarrhs, otitis media, dyspepsia, dysentery, etc.), convulsions, meningism or meningo-encephalitis and toxicosis easily occur.

A newborn child is not a reduced copy of an adult, it has a huge number of anatomical and physiological features that distinguish it from infants and especially children of older age groups: these are higher metabolic rates, and features of the development of all organs and systems.

Only in early childhood certain conditions are identified that are not found in others age groups and in adults. The baby needs a certain time after birth in order to adapt to a new life, life outside the mother's body.

The physical development of a child is a sequential process of growth, due to an increase in body weight, length, development of individual parts of the body and biological maturation of the child in accordance with his age period. Tracing the development of the baby from the neonatal period to 1 year, they are guided by anthropometric data, psychomotor development ( motor activity), speech development, development of skills and abilities, mental development.

It should be noted that the development of boys and girls is far from being the same. For example, already at the time of birth, a girl is 20-25% closer to the final proportions than a boy. This is due to the faster pace of development of the female body, including intrauterine.

Children's nutrition in general, and especially small ones, is a very complex and responsible task. Food is a source of energy and a plastic material from which a child's body is built and grows rapidly. The structure of the organs and systems of the child and their functions depend on the nature of the food. The course and outcome of many diseases in children are largely determined by the characteristics of nutrition. Therefore, proper nutrition of the child is one of the essential conditions health and safety of the child.

What are the difficulties in organizing the feeding of newborns and infants? An explanation must be sought in the anatomical and physiological features body of a child at this age. It has already been said above that in the first year of life the child grows very intensively and by the 4th month of life its body weight doubles, and by the year it triples.

Such a rapid growth and development of organs and systems is possible only with a sufficient supply of nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, salts and vitamins).

A child in the 1st year of life needs more than 2 times more calories per 1 kg of body weight than an adult.

The digestive system in infants, especially in the first months of life, has a number of features. So, the salivary glands at the beginning (up to 4 months of age) produce little saliva, with a small content of the enzyme in it. The muscular layer of the stomach wall is underdeveloped. The activity of the glands of the stomach wall is reduced. Already produced enzymes such as pepsin and lipase, but in small quantities. Especially little lipase - an enzyme that breaks down fats.

Newborns have all the intestinal digestive enzymes, but their activity is rather low and increases only with age. Bile is relatively poor in bile acids and cholesterol, which reduces its digestive capacity. Due to incomplete formation and insufficiency of nervous regulation, the mechanism of movement of food through the intestines is extremely unstable. These features of the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract make it difficult for the child to digest and assimilate food.

Thus, in children in the 1st year of life, the need for food is great, and the possibilities of its digestion are sharply limited. An almost “irreconcilable discrepancy” is created, which is the main difficulty in feeding children of this age.

How to ensure the child's increased need for nutrients with such an incomplete digestive system? What is the best food for him?

It has long been known that in this respect the best breast-feeding, i.e. breastfeeding. Mother's milk has neither natural nor artificial analogues - It meets the needs of the child and contains everything necessary for its successful development.

The thoracic period continues from 29th-30th day to the end of the 1st year life. The main processes of adaptation to extrauterine life are completed, rapid physical, motor and mental development begins. At the same time, the intensity of metabolic processes is very high with the continuing immaturity of the anatomical structures, the functional limitation of the respiratory apparatus and the gastrointestinal tract. Passive immunity to many childhood infectious diseases (measles, rubella, diphtheria, etc.), acquired in utero through the placenta and supported extrauterine by mother's milk, persists for 3 - 4 months

Physical development is most intensive in the first half of the year. By 5 months, a child doubles its body weight at birth, at 12 months it triples. At 1 year old, a full-term baby weighs approximately 10 kg.

Body length increases by 5 months by 15-16 cm, by 1 year by 25 cm, amounting to approximately 75 cm. cm.

Teeth appear from 6-8 months, by 1 year there should be 8 teeth. The process of teething is sometimes accompanied by an increase in body temperature, anxiety, loss of appetite, and dyspeptic disorders. Dentistry in the Primorsky district will help you to understand these processes in more detail.

neuropsychic development

By 2 months of life, myelination of the optic and auditory nerves ends, the child fixes his gaze, follows the object, listens to sounds, pulls his hands to bright objects. Positive emotions appear - a smile in response to a smile, a complex of revival when referring to it, laughter. The child begins to "walk" to pronounce individual drawling sounds. Reflexes of "atavism" disappear

By 3 months, the striatal body matures, it becomes possible to hold the head, lift it from a prone position. At 5-6 months, the cerebellum matures, the child tries to rise, and then begins to sit, maintaining balance. Each new skill is associated with the maturation of regulatory centers; it is impossible to teach before maturation. Loss of skill indicates illness.

At 6 months, a three-dimensional vision appears, this stimulates crawling, at first in a “plastunsky” way, by 7 months the child feels friction on the floor with his stomach, begins to lift his torso and crawl leaning on his elbows and knees. At 7–8 months, the child stands on its feet and moves with support, from 10–12 months it walks independently.

Positive emotions prevail. Improved speech. At 3 months - babbling, articulation is national in nature (imitates parents), at 6 months - pronounces syllables, by 12 months a conscious reaction to the word is formed, pronounces individual words (6-10) - give, mu-mu, mother, etc.

The child rejoices at the arrival of children, repeats the order, puts the ring on the pyramid, leads the doll, drinks from a cup, holds a spoon, shows interest in picture books.

From the age of 10 months, the psychological crisis “crisis of basal trust” begins. The infant chooses "emotionally significant person”, a person whom he trusts, at the same time he is wary of strangers feels a sense of fear. An individual style of behavior, temperament is manifested.

Temperament is genetically determined, but subject to the influence of society, the characteristics of the microenvironment of the family. Easy and difficult temperament comes to light. It is used to evaluate 9 signs: activity, regularity of sleep-energy, adaptability, acceptance, intensity of emotions, mood, persistence, distractibility, threshold of minimal impact force. Difficult temperament - arrhythmia, low acceptance and adaptability, negativism .

The chest period of childhood is characterized by great changes in the body: the skeleton is remodeled, its own immunity is formed, passive immunity decreases, the level of “maternal antibodies” decreases, hemoglobin and red blood cells “physiological anemia”, thermoregulation improves. On the basis of physiological transformations, there is a risk of diseases - rickets, anemia, infectious diseases of the respiratory and digestive organs, an increased risk of injury, which requires prevention.

The child needs proper nutrition, observance of the regime, the education of neatness, the use of a potty.

Toys stimulate the development of the child - at 2 months - a rattle, from 6 months - a ball, little animals, a pyramid, 11-12 months - books with large pictures.

Intensive growth, differentiation of organs and high intensity of metabolic processes become the background against which diseases such as malnutrition, paratrophy, anemia, rickets, acute indigestion, atopic dermatitis, recurrent obstructive syndrome. The development of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) can be complicated by pneumonia. Passive immunity due to AT received from the mother gradually weakens, and in the second half of the first year of life, children can get measles, chickenpox and other childhood infectious diseases.