Types of gemstone cutting: description and photo. Buying Topaz and Determining Its Value

Since posts about jewelry stones constantly flash different kinds cut, it seemed reasonable to me to dedicate a post to this.
The processing that all gems undergo is called cutting, and it consists in cutting off unnecessary particles from the stone and giving it a certain shape with a certain number of faces (or facets, chamfers). It is thanks to the cut that the color, brilliance, effects of dichromatism or luminescence are fully revealed, and defects, turbidity, cracks, on the contrary, disappear or become completely invisible. The shape of the cut is not chosen at random - for each type of minerals, there are the most decorative types of cut that are “responsible” for ensuring that the rays of light that enter the body of the stone do not pass through, but, as it were, “return”, refracting on the faces and delighting the eye with a bizarre brilliance; the same diamond in its uncut form is only a hazy crystal, similar to cheap glass ...

The very first type of cutting known to mankind was the cabochon - in ancient times, the processing of gems was quite primitive, and everything superfluous was simply cut off from the stone, giving it a round shape similar to "head". Cabochons have not gone out of fashion today, but in our time only opaque and translucent semi-precious stones (for example, turquoise, malachite, rose quartz, charoite) are cut this way, because light cannot penetrate inside the gem, and the best option is to make it reflect from the surface itself. Some special effects - starryness, iridescence, opalescence - are best seen when the stone is cut cabochon, so that it seems as if a six-pointed star shimmers on a ruby ​​or sapphire (they most often have asterism). The most common are simple cabochons, with a flat base and a convex top surface. In addition, there are double cabochons, where the lower face also curves slightly in the opposite direction from the upper side, and convex-concave cabochons, in which the lower base is curved in the same direction as the upper plane, making the stone look like a lens.

Do not confuse cabochons with gems - semi-plates precious stones, on which a certain voluminous plot was cut. When the picture is convex and seems to protrude from the surface of the stone, then the product is called a cameo; the image buried inside the stone is called intaglio. Glyptic is usually applied to multilayer colored gems - chalcedony, jasper, agate.

Emperor Augustus, ancient Roman cameo
ancient intaglio

Transparent Types of cut gems, regardless of value, are customarily cut with a different number of geometrically regular facets applied in a certain proportion. For the first time, this type of cut was discovered by the jewelers of Ancient India, where precious stones were the main value, and love for them was enormous. Then pieces of stone, regardless of size, were covered with a large number of small faces, often asymmetrically located - this was the prototype of facet cutting, where the shape of the mineral was formed from many flat polygons.

Later, more advanced types of facet cutting appeared - one of the most interesting, but not used today, was a rose, i.e. a cut consisting of a flat lower base, like the base of a cabochon, and a faceted upper part, on which all the faces "converged" to the center. There were several varieties of roses - Dutch with 24 faces, close to a circle in outline, semi-Dutch and Antwerp with the outlines of a hexagon, and a cross-rose, on the surface of which a cross protruded by combining the faces.

A step or polished cut, which was previously called a “table”, is usually a fairly large stone with an upper flat and wide platform, from which elongated faces descend stepwise and parallel to each other.

Its variety is a wedge cut, similar in everything to the previous one, but with an additional application of wedge-shaped faces - each elongated chamfer is crushed with the help of one or two triangular "wedges" connected by vertices.

The brilliant cut was invented in the 17th century in Holland to fully reveal the beauty of the stone of the same name and give it a characteristic iridescent brilliance. It consists of two polyhedral pyramids, folded at the bases - the lower one is full, the upper one is truncated, with a polygonal table at the top. The minimum number of facets of this type of cut is 17 (for the smallest stones); generally accepted - from 57 (24 facets in the lower part, 33 in the upper); large and valuable stones can get up to 240 or more facets ...

The most popular types of cut are brilliant and step, as well as their hybrid - mixed cut, which has taken the features of both types of gem processing. The famous “briolette” cut, which is applied to oblong, non-standard-shaped stones, which are given the appearance of a faceted “drop”, belongs to the mixed ones.

And the last in the list, but by no means the last in beauty, is the fancy cut, which includes elements of a combined cut with the addition of wedges and other various facet shapes. In a "fantasy" way, inserts of unusual shapes are made - hearts, drops, stars, flowers, shuttles, emblems, etc.

The stones are cut to give them a certain shape, to emphasize the brilliance and play of light. A high-quality cut does not allow the rays to pass through - they are refracted in the faces of transparent and translucent stones and come out back. First, a scheme is created and thought out, taking into account the shape of the stone, the number, size and location of faces and angles between faces. The stones are then cut and polished.

In jewelry, there are about 250 varieties of cut. They depend not only on the taste preferences of jewelers, but also on the physical and optical characteristics of the stones. In the process of cutting, it is important to preserve the mass of the stone and its natural qualities. Cut can be divided into three large groups: smooth, faceted And mixed.

smooth cut

Although formally it is classified as a cut, in fact it is a polishing. A stone treated in this way has no facets, only a polished surface.

Cabochon(from French caboche - “head” or “nail with a wide and round hat”) is the most famous type of smooth cut. Cabochon is considered one of the first, and therefore the oldest cuts. A polished stone usually has a flat bottom and a smooth, domed dome. Most often it is made in the form of a circle or an oval, although there are other shapes: a rectangle, a rhombus, a heart, a drop, a boat, a crescent.

The cabochon cut is used for opaque and translucent stones, as well as for stones with various optical effects (asterism, iridescence, opalescence, cat's eye). This is how jade, turquoise, amber, malachite, lapis lazuli, serpentine, onyx, opal, tugtupite, sometimes sapphires, rubies and other stones are processed. This cutting method is not very difficult, and the quality of the source material does not play a big role.

For different tasks and stones, different types of cabochons are used. Opaque stones with a colored surface are cut with a single cabochon, which has a flat base and a convex top. For stones with internal defects, the shape of a double (lentil) cabochon is suitable, in which both sides are convex. Dark stones are often cut as hollow cabochons with a concave base. There is also a tall cabochon with a very domed top and a flat one that looks like a hardened drop of candle wax.

Ball- Another option for a smooth cut. In this way, semi-precious and ornamental stones are processed: aventurine, agate, amethyst, quartz, malachite, onyx, jasper.

Facet cut

The most diverse type of cut is faceted or faceted (from French facette - “edge”). As the name implies, this treatment creates many facets on the surface of the stone. Faceted cutting is used when working with transparent stones: it brings out their brilliance, enhances color and emphasizes lighting effects.

In order to understand the features of the different faceted cuts, it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the cut stone.

Scheme 1: the structure of a faceted stone

The upper and lower parts of the stone are separated by a thin belt - the girdle. Usually a frame is fixed on it. The upper part, located above the girdle, is called the crown. There is a platform on it - a flat upper face, the largest face of the stone. The lower part, located under the girdle, is called the pavilion. And the point of convergence of the faces of the pavilion at the very bottom is the culet, it can be in the form of a spike, a small horizontal edge or a line.

Facet cutting is divided into two types: classic or round diamond, And fantasy.

Faceted: round brilliant

The round brilliant cut is the most common form of cut for diamonds and other transparent stones with strong light dispersion.

The pioneers of the round shape are the Americans Henry Morse and Charles Field, who in the 1870s created a steam engine for cutting diamonds.

The round cut best demonstrates the brilliance and play of light in the stone and minimizes the risk of external damage. A diamond sparkles the brightest if the exact proportions of the pavilion facets are observed - they are the ones that provide a complete internal reflection of light. The main disadvantage of the round cut is a significant weight loss of the nugget: after processing, up to 60% of the original mass can be lost.

Classic or Full Brilliant Cut consists of 57 facets. There are 33 facets on the crown and 24 facets on the pavilion. First of all, this cut is used for large diamonds weighing from 1 carat. The main role here is played by proportions, symmetry and quality of surface treatment. The “perfect diamond” is considered the standard of the classical cut, the parameters of which were calculated in 1919 by the mathematician Marcel Tolkovsky.

Simplified brilliant cut consists of 33 or 17 faces. It is used in the processing of small and medium stones: 33 facets - for stones weighing up to 0.99 carats, 17 facets - for "diamond chips" weighing up to 0.29 carats. Diamonds, rhodolites, amethysts, sapphires, rubies, chrysolites, topazes and many other stones are processed in this way.

Photo 1: classic or full brilliant cut, the author of this and other photos is Dmitry Stolyarevich

Types of round cuts with more than 57 facets are called diamond modifications. These are, for example, Belgian Highlight (73 facets), developed in New York by King (86 facets) and Magna (102 facets) or Royal cut (154 facets).

Faceted: fantasy. Step varieties

With this cut, the facets are arranged parallel and above each other, like steps. The wide upper platform is made in the form of a polygon, and the side faces are in the form of trapezoids or isosceles triangles.

The step cut does not cause a brilliant brilliance, but emphasizes the color of the stone. Therefore, it is used for transparent stones of “medium color tones”: a high cut enhances the color, a low cut weakens it.

Table or table cut- one of the simplest step cuts. Usually it is a flat stone with a large platform: the crown consists of five faces, the pavilion - of four. A variation can be considered the Mirror cut with a very large platform and a shallow pavilion. The table is mainly used for semi-precious and semi-precious stones, which are often used in signet rings.

Baguette– an elongated version of the Table, cut in the shape of a rectangle. Forms such as Trapeze And Square (Kare), often referred to as varieties of Baguette.

The modern version of this cut appeared in the early 20th century. Its name comes from fr. bague - until the 17th century, this word meant gems in general. The baguette has 14 facets, and there are also 24-sided versions. Technically, it is quite simple, but due to the openness of the edges, it requires a high purity of the stone. Basically, small side stones in jewelry are cut in this way: diamonds, rubies, emeralds, topazes.

Other quadrangles - Rhombus, Kite, Epaulette, Barrel - are considered varieties of Baguette. They differ in the inclination of the corners and the curvature of the sides. As independent forms, the Pentahedron and Hexagon are also distinguished.

Emerald (Emerald) or Octagon- step cut with an octagonal shape of the stone. It consists of 58 or 65 faces and outwardly resembles a baguette, but the corners here are not sharp, but beveled.

Modern emerald standards were adopted in the 1940s - initially this cut was intended specifically for emeralds, but over time, sapphires, tourmalines, beryls, and other stones began to be cut this way. Here, too, high purity and transparency of the stone is required, otherwise the flaws will be visible to the naked eye. But the light that falls on the surface is reflected in wide and bright flashes. In terms of cost and complexity, this is one of the most affordable cuts.

Asher- an octagonal cut, which is made in the shape of a square and is similar in characteristics to an Emerald. It was developed in 1902 by the famous Dutch jeweler Joseph Asher, but it only gained popularity in the 1920s. The original version has 58 facets, while its modification, the Royal Usher, has 74 facets.

Photo 2: emerald cut

Photo 3: Asscher cut

Faceted: fantasy. Wedge varieties

Wedge cuts are often considered variations of the round brilliant cut. In this case, many facets in the form of wedges are applied to the surface, which reveal the color of the stone well and enliven the play of light in it.

Oval- this cut compares favorably with the round cut by maintaining the weight of the stone. It was created in the 1960s by jeweler Lazar Kaplan. Oval-cut stones usually have 57 facets, although their number may vary. The elongated shape allows you to create the illusion bigger size stone, it looks especially advantageous in rings. The oval cut is used mainly for large transparent stones - aquamarines, amethysts, sapphires, topazes.

Marquis (Marquise) is an oval with pointed ends, similar to a boat. This cut was created in France in the middle of the 18th century, and according to legend, it was dedicated to the smile of the Marquise de Pompadour. The marquis also has 57 facets and is distinguished by a slight weight loss of the nugget: if the stone is initially oblong, it is possible to save up to 80%. This is how diamonds, amethysts, emeralds, rubies are cut. A variation of the Marquis is considered to be a cut Shuttle- it already has an upper platform and a little less edges.

Photo 3: oval cut

Photo 5: marquise cut

Pear- this cut visually resembles a drop: one end of it is rounded, the other is pointed. It is sometimes considered a hybrid of the round brilliant cut and the marquise cut. A smooth platform is also made in the form of a drop, usually with 57 wedge faces. Such a stone should have a clear symmetry at the point of narrowing, since it is there that the play of light is concentrated.

In the form of a pear, aquamarines, amethysts, topazes are cut. Cut Pandelok is a variant of the Pear, only its pavilion is deeper and more rounded.

Briolette, Drop, Olive (Olive)- varieties of elongated teardrop shape. Unlike the Pear, they have neither a platform nor a girdle. The surfaces of the Briolette and the Olive are completely covered with wedges, only the shape of the Olive resembles an ellipse with cut ends. The drop has a narrow upper part form long faces, elongated downward, and a rounded lower part - small wedges. Stones cut in this way are mainly used as pendants.

For elongated cuts Oval, Marquis, Pear, if the proportions and symmetry are violated, the optical effect of a “bow tie” can appear: a dark spot in the center of the site.

Photo 5: pear cut

Princess- rectangular wedge cut, the second most popular for diamonds. It was created in the 1980s by the jeweler Bezalel Ambar - he branded the original version with 49 facets under the name quadrillion. The princess has square outlines and sharp corners, and the deep pavilion, where the play of light is concentrated, ends with a thorn. The 58 facets create a brilliance that rivals round diamonds, but retains about 80% of the stone after cutting.

Flanders- modification of the Princess, which has 61 faces. It was also invented in the 1980s, named after the Belgian region of Flanders. It has cut corners and very complex symmetry, which is why the cutting process takes three times longer than the creation of a round diamond.

Photo 6: princess cut

Antique (Antique) or Cushion (Pillow)- This cut has been around for over a hundred years and at one time was almost as popular as the round brilliant cut is today. The shape of Cushion (English cushion - “pillow”) really resembles a pillow. The stone has rounded corners, 72 facets, it can be square or slightly elongated. This is how diamonds, amethysts, sapphires, emeralds, rubies, quartz and its varieties are cut. By the way, the cut received its other name - Antique - in recognition of its historical roots: the Old mine cut of the 18th century is considered its predecessor.

Trilliant (Trillian, Trillion)- triangular wedge cut, which was created by the Ussher brothers at the beginning of the 20th century. The corners of the stone can be sharp, beveled or rounded, some options have a pronounced triangular platform, some do not. The classic Trillian has 43 facets, but modern options may have 50 faces or more. This cut is well suited to light stones: diamond, aquamarine, beryl, white sapphire. Some jewelers use it to lighten dark stones - tanzanite, amethyst, rhodolite. The Shield and Troidia cuts can be considered varieties of the Trilliant, in which the sides slightly curve outwards.

Heart- one of the most complex and expensive forms of wedge cutting. It is often used in exclusive jewelry. By principle, it resembles a Pear, but splits from the rounded side, taking the shape of a heart. The stone usually has equal length and width, consists of 59 facets - their number may vary depending on the original size of the stone. This is how rubies, amethysts, topazes, garnets, and sometimes colored diamonds are cut.

Ball or Sphere- a rather rare variety of wedge cut, which has 120 or more facets. Despite the fact that a stone treated in this way will not sparkle very brightly, the cutting itself is extremely laborious and requires high skill.

Photo 7: heart cut

Also worth noting is the collection of polygonal "flower" cuts (Fiery Rose, Sunflower, Dahlia, Calendula, Zinnia), which were created by the famous jeweler Gaby Tolkovsky, the nephew of the creator of the "perfect diamond". They are designed specifically for rough diamonds over 0.25 carats and are based on unusual angles. Russian experts have developed a decagonal Happy cut, which has 81 facets. Visually, it is very similar to a round diamond, but, like many other fancy options, it has less weight loss of the stone.

Mixed cuts

A mixed cut combines smooth and faceted, wedge and stepped cuts in various combinations. For example, on the one hand, the stone has edges, and on the other, it remains smooth - flat or rounded. Sometimes the cut is mixed on the same half of the stone. When processing, the optical properties of stones of different colors are taken into account: such cutting parameters, such as, for example, the height of the pavilion, depend on this.

The obsolete cut can also be attributed to the mixed type. Rose: it has a flat base, no girdle or pavilion. In fact, this is a cabochon, the convex part of which is cut with wedges. The first Rose appeared in the 16th century, initially it had no more than six faces. Over the century, their number has increased, the placement on the crown has changed, as well as the height of the crown itself. The edges were not always symmetrical, rather irregular outlines were more common. The most famous varieties of Rose:

• Dutch
• half dutch
• double dutch
• cross
• Antwerp

French cut also considered mixed. It appeared in the early 1400s, but came into fashion only two centuries later. Its platform and girdle are square, the crown is cut with triangular wedges that form a diagonal cross, and the pavilion can be stepped. Its contours, combined with 21 facets, provide high light output.

baryon- a cut that was introduced in 1971 by the jeweler Basile Watermeyer and named after himself and his wife Marion. One of the options has a square shape with slightly curved sides, 62 facets and combines a stepped crown with a diamond pavilion. The Barion cut has two features: the girdle faces are crescent-shaped, while the four pavilion faces, when viewed from above, across the platform, form a cross.

Radiant It is also a combination of step and brilliant cut. It was developed in 1977 by Henry Grossbard. The stone has a rectangular or square shape, an octagonal contour, cut corners and 70 facets. The name speaks for itself - radiant in translation means "shining, radiant." Combining the best features of two types of cut, it enhances the color of colored stones and the radiance of colorless ones.

In this text, we have tried to generalize and build into a single logic the most common classifications of stones. The output turned out complete guide by borders. We thank the author of the text Olga Martynova for the analytical work and creation of the guide structure.

Jewelry cutting of stones is a real art. This skill has been honed over many centuries in order for the gems to show themselves as effectively as possible. It depends on the cut how the stone will play in the finished jewelry. From this article, you will learn about the existing stone cutting techniques, their specifics and the features of creating the most beautiful crystals in the world.

Technological process

The first stage involves turning the mineral. The quality and size of the future product depend on this work. In the past, turning was done by hand, but today turning is a technologically controlled process, for which special machines are used. This saves time, since several stones are turned at the same time in this way. All stages are controlled by the operator and observes the process through the monitor.

The second stage is cutting. The process of cutting precious stones and synthetic materials involves grinding and polishing. When grinding, irregularities and other defects are eliminated, and the shape of the future product is also created. After polishing, the stone acquires a mirror shine and iridescent radiance.

Quality scale

Types of cutting are determined not only by the form, but by the level of quality of execution. The Russian scale distinguishes four levels, which are conventionally designated by the letters A, B, C and D. A and B cut stones may have natural defects inside, as well as their traces. The surface of such a mineral should be glossy, uniform, clean, and also have a mirror finish. If there are roughnesses on the surface, the structure of the stone is heterogeneous and cloudy, it is assigned one of the last two categories.

Facet cut and its varieties

This technique involves the presence of facets on the surface of the stone. Popular facet cut types:

• princess,
• octagon,
• oval,
• marquis,
• baguette and others

The cut of precious stones is classified into brilliant round and fancy.

Fantasy cuts are divided into wedge-shaped (oval, marquise, pear, princess, flanders) and stepped (octagon, usher and baguette).

The abundance of varieties and techniques allows you to make the stone the most attractive, using its natural properties and structural features.

There are many types of stone cuts. Diamond cutters fantasize and strive to create unusual variations of familiar shapes. New techniques and designs regularly appear on the jewelry market. Consider the most popular of them.

Round

Round cut is a classic of jewelry art. It was first used at the beginning of the last century. Then there were tools for its creation. This cut is often used in the processing of diamonds. To reveal the beauty of a diamond, it is cut with 57, 33 or 17 facets. Their number is directly proportional to the size of the source material. For the smallest diamonds, the "eight" is used (8 facets on the surface and in the side parts of the stone).

oval

The oval or radiant cut has been widely used by jewelers since the second half of the last century. The stone made in this technique has an elongated shape, 56 and 70 facets. Most often, the oval is used for inlay rings.

The product with oval faceting looks aesthetically pleasing on the female hand and makes the fingers visually longer and more elegant. The male version of the radiant cut is also popular in the market. In this case, dark stones are used. In this form, topaz looks great for men and women.

marquis

The technique has been used since medieval France and is named after the Marquise de Pompadour. The shape is an elongated and pointed oval at the ends.

After cutting the Marquise, the gem resembles a flower petal, so it often acts as a design element in jewelry.

"Marquis" suggests 55 faces. Stones treated in this way shine brightly and shimmer with iridescent colors. They are used to create earrings, rings, pendants and entire sets, designed in the same style.

pear-shaped

The pear cut is similar to the marquise cut. It has from 55 to 56 faces. The pebble is pointed at the top. In this form, it resembles a flowing drop. The shape is ideal as a base for pendants and earrings. A product with a pear-shaped gem visually lengthens the neck, making it more elegant and feminine.

Princess

Cut for true ladies and modern princesses. Crystals processed in this style are rectangular in shape. It uses 49, 65, less often 68 faces. The right corners of the mineral are securely reinforced with a special frame to avoid deformations. The form appeared relatively recently. The Princess cut has been used since the late 1970s. It is often found in the design of wedding and engagement rings.

Emerald (octagon)

The surfaces of the gem are shaped like an octagon. This style is similar to the princess cut as it also takes on a rectangular shape. Massive stones are suitable for such a cut. It's not just about the emerald. In this form, garnet, opaque stones, as well as precious topaz look great. It is impossible to achieve maximum iridescent brilliance and iridescent highlights with this technique. But the octagon-cut stone is distinguished by its depth and fascinates with its mystery.

Heart

The “Heart” cut looks like the aforementioned pear in appearance and processing technology. However, the manufacturing process of the heart is complex and time-consuming. In this regard, jewelry in which there is a “heart” gem is more expensive. In addition, the form requires compliance with ideal proportions, in which all sides are in equal proportion.

Baguette

Has the form of a rectangle with step processing. A baguette is an indicator of the quality of a stone, where the disadvantages and advantages of the gem are manifested to the maximum. If the mineral is poorly processed or its quality is low, you will notice defects in a baguette cut without the help of a jeweler. When choosing jewelry with stones of this cut, carefully and scrupulously examine the product.

Square

A square pebble has the same width and length. Here stepwise processing is applied. Square-shaped gems look great in earrings, rings and pendants, as well as in bracelets. They form an even harmonious row and a clear pattern. Topaz, ruby, emerald and garnet willingly take the form of a square.

Trillion

This technique was invented in Amsterdam. Today it is the best option for processing precious and semi-precious stones. This unusual spectacular shape is a triangle with wedges. The advantage of such processing is that, regardless of the quality, type of mineral and design, the number of faces and appearance remain the same. The trillion shape is ideal for gems such as topaz, agate, amethyst, citrine and others.

Flanders

This style is a variation of the “princess” with 61 facets. It got its name from the region of the same name in Belgium, where it first appeared. The technique is widely used for cutting precious stones, as well as semi-precious gems.

Asher

The cut of “Asscher” jewelry stones resembles emerald. It was very popular in the 30s of the last century. Currently, this style is a classic of jewelry craftsmanship, so it has not lost its relevance. Depending on the dimensions of the raw material, the usher is made in 72, 49 or 25 facets.

Cabochon

A classic age-old processing technique that first appeared in medieval France. Translated from French, the term means "nail head". Used for transparent or translucent gems, as well as pebbles under the "cat's eye". Cabochon cutting looks aesthetically pleasing only on condition that the stone is flawlessly polished.

Briolette

The shape is used for precious gems, in particular diamonds. One such copy a few years ago set a record for weight and cost. This is a giant diamond weighing over 75 carats that was sold at Christie's auction. The stone is in the shape of a tear. Its structure is absolutely transparent and pure. The cost of the lot was estimated in the range of 8 to 12 million US dollars.

Chess board

A stone cut in this way has a surface with uniform square surfaces. All of them are arranged symmetrically and resemble a chessboard. The cut is popular for many types of stones, including precious, semi-precious and synthetic.

Nirav Modi

Fantasy processing Nirav Modi (Nirav Modi) is a brand that has been patented by the Indian company of the same name. Thanks to her, four new techniques appeared on the jewelry market: Endless cutting, jasmine, Mughal and Ainra. Celebrities such as Kate Winslet, Naomi Watts, Coco Rocha have been seen wearing products with Nirav Modi stones. Production and processing technologies are kept secret.

The fantasy jasmine shape is a creative variation of the rose cut diamond. The style features twice as many facets. It is used to reveal the possibilities of the stone through the play of light. The finished crystal burns in the sun and shimmers, creating the effect of a living fire inside.

The peculiarity of the Endless style is the use of the invisible Enigma setting, which creates a visually endless tunnel of diamonds in the pattern. That is why the technique was given the name "endless cutting". The diamonds are arranged as if they were not set. This creates the appearance that the jewelry consists entirely of a monolithic diamond.

Before the invention of the Mughal technique, to create a composition in the form of a crescent, jewelers assembled it from several stones of various carats. This technology forms the shape of a semicircle from one pebble. When creating jewelry, semicircular elements of the composition are placed around the main one, forming a diamond flower.

The Ainra technique is considered the most unusual of the four. The company developed it to create products where the use of metal as a mounting base is practically not required. Stones are processed in such a way as to create links directly from them. Then the fasteners are connected and converted into a finished chain. Products are airy, light, and every millimeter of jewelry burns in the sun.

Ashoka

Another patented product with a worldwide reputation. Its owner is the British jewelry company Boodes. Ashoka is applied to diamonds. Diamonds cut in this way are considered exclusive and status jewelry. The stone looks like a rectangle with rounded corners. This cut is not suitable for all diamonds. Only transparent minerals with a homogeneous structure are taken into work.

Other cuts

The choice of cut depends on the type of stone, its variety, structure, color and design of the jewelry. The "octagon" shape is more often used if the structure of the gem is fragile. Octagon is the safest option for such jewelry.

Pentagon-shaped stones are encrusted in massive accessories, the style of which corresponds to the latest fashion trends.

"Hexagon" is universal, because it is close to the classics. Often, a pebble with six faces is used as the basis for the composition of the product. Topaz looks spectacular in this form.

The cabochon has no facets and this cut is suitable for all opaque minerals.

Types of cut and zodiac signs

Astrologers believe that the choice of a talisman depends not only on the type of stone, but also on its shape.

For representatives of the earth element, in addition to Virgo, oval minerals processed using the cabochon technique are suitable.

The element of air suggests a classic diamond cut and a cabochon of any shape.

In this article:

The types of gemstone cutting are different, some of them appeared relatively recently, others have already become part of history. Jewelers have been processing crystals for many centuries, believing that cutting is an important element that can affect the cost of jewelry. In fact, it is, after processing, the gem may begin to shine with new colors or completely lose its natural attractiveness.

Varieties

The rose-shaped cut was one of the first to appear, the court jeweler worked a little on the stone to please the fastidious monarch. The result of the work impressed the gentleman so much that he generously thanked the master. Today, the rose is rarely used, the reason is that this type of processing is considered obsolete. It is used only when it is necessary to maintain the original weight of the stone. The rose has several facets and often acts as one of the cutting stages.

Types of stone cutting

The cushion cut has been known to craftsmen for a long time. Most Baroque diamonds were cut in this way. Sometimes this type of processing is called antique. Cushion is used when it is necessary to maintain the weight of the stone.

The cut of jewelry stones in the form of a circle is most common, it is considered a classic of the genre. Diamonds are round and have 57 facets. This type of processing is complex, the jeweler works on the mineral, as a result of which it significantly loses weight. But it becomes stronger and more resistant to scratches and damage.

Circle-shaped stones can decorate rings, bracelets, pendants and necklaces. The form is considered ideal, but requires certain skills from the master. To turn a diamond into a round diamond, special saws are used. Such gems sparkle in the sun brighter than others. This form of processing was known as early as the 17th century, but then it was far from perfect.

In the 1960s of the 20th century, there appeared new variety cutting. Now jewelers began to give the gem an oval shape. It is ideal for stones that are large in size. Gems cut in this way are used by jewelers willingly, if the crystal is inserted into the ring, it will visually make the fingers longer. A pendant in the shape of an oval will turn any neck into a swan.

The trillion cut is used to cut precious and semi-precious stones. Thanks for the invention of this type of processing is worth saying to the masters from Amsterdam. Today, a trillion is fantastically popular, the fact is that he has a free temper. It has the shape of a triangle with wedges, while the number of faces can vary. It all depends on the preferences of the jeweler and the characteristics of the mineral.

The square cut is characterized by smooth edges and their equal number. Those minerals that do not need complex processing can be cut with a square, often fancy diamonds are cut in this way. The square looks good in the company of other minerals, and can act as the only decoration, then it is placed in the center of the product.

The work of a cutter is associated with great difficulties, and there are quite a lot of varieties of processing. But there are some forms of cutting that require close attention:

1. Marquis.
2. Baguette.
3. Pear.
4. Octagon.
5. Heart.
6. Pentahedron.
7. Hexagon.
8. Octahedron.
9. Cabochon.

The Marquise cut got its name in honor of the mistress of Louis XV, the Marquise de Pompadour. She was distinguished by her love for jewelry and a striking smile. It is said that the glare of a stone treated in this way resembles the smile of a marquise. The sharp edges of the gem reflect the light of the sun and make the crystal shine.

An insidious baguette will give out all the defects of the stone, while they will be noticeable, even to the naked eye. A magnifying glass or a microscope is not needed here, it will be enough just to look at the mineral. A baguette cut gem will have a rectangle outline. When buying jewelry with crystals processed in this style in the salon, you should pay special attention to their quality.

Pear or drop belongs to the classical forms of processing. A faceted drop must have a platform. The pear is universal, suitable for both large gems and small ones. Crystals of this shape can be used to make earrings, pendants, pendants and other jewelry.

Octagon emphasizes the beauty of the mineral and its purity, is one of the varieties of step cutting. Helps protect the fragile gem from damage and chipping.

Stone cutting

The heart is rare and difficult to perform. This type of processing is used in exceptional cases, for the manufacture of custom-made jewelry. Giving the stone the shape of a heart, the master must create a clear outline. In the process, the costs will be impressive, for this reason there are not so many diamonds, emeralds and rubies that have a similar shape.

The pentahedron is geometric figure with the appropriate number of edges. The stones that are given this shape differ in size. In most cases, we are talking about those gems that do not have special value.

The hexagon is good because the faces of the mineral are reflected from each other. The result is a whimsical pattern. Only those crystals that are large in size and act as a central insert are processed in this way.

The octahedron is a type of fancy cut. Such processing methods allow you to give the stone a color, make it beautiful and shiny. If the work is done correctly, then a masterpiece will turn out from the mineral. Only large-sized gems are cut in this way.

Cabochon means "nail head" in French. This type of cut has been known to jewelers for a very long time, it is characterized by minimalism. The master manages to keep the weight of the stone, a flat area is created on its surface.

Facet cutting and its types

Faceted, or faceted, cutting has several varieties, it suits crystals of a transparent or translucent shade. It is used for processing precious and semi-precious stones. A feature of this type of cut, jewelers consider the application of flat faces to the surface of the gem.

Most often used in modern jewelry art:

• Wedge: used for cutting diamonds, tourmalines, topazes and rubies. Rock crystal is also cut in this way. Marquis is considered a classic of this type of cut. A gem processed in this way differs in that light is reflected from its surface as much as possible.
• Stepped: suitable for cutting garnets, rubies, sapphires and emeralds. This type of processing makes light stones taller and dark ones smaller. The work of the master is aimed at maintaining the beauty of the mineral.
• Mixed: requires special skills from the jeweler, belongs to fantasy. For this reason, the cost of the work will be quite high, the processing is able to emphasize the color and beauty of the stone, and also make it sparkle under the rays of the sun and under artificial lighting.

Varieties of stone cutting are different, the work of the master affects the cost of jewelry and in some cases can turn an unremarkable mineral into a real masterpiece.

Fantasy cut has both minuses and pluses, the jeweler will need to masterfully master the quadrant and have a good imagination. However, some experts argue that there is nothing better than the classics. For this reason, many diamonds are round. It is believed that such stones shine brighter, because processing helps them reveal all their charms.

Topaz is an unusual and very beautiful stone that has long been known to people. It has a wide palette of colors: from pink to blue and purple hues. That is why jewelers value this stone so much, because jewelry made from it looks very elegant, but at the same time is affordable. The variety of colors of topaz is hardly comparable with many other semi-precious stones.

Very often, people choose jewelry based on certain properties that are attributed to minerals. Since ancient times, people have considered topaz to be a stone with magical qualities, such as the ability to prevent intrigue and expose secrets. However, nowadays experts in the field of lithotherapy believe that it has other properties, in addition, the color features of topaz greatly influence what this stone can contribute to.

Description of topaz

Topaz comes in a variety of color shades: from blue through blue and green to wine yellow, orange, pink. Colorless topazes are also found. According to its chemical composition, topaz is a fluorine-containing aluminum silicate.

As already noted, in the ancient world, topaz was considered a stone that could reveal secrets. With its help, it was possible to influence others, subjugate people and expose intrigues. Therefore, he received the name "stone of psychologists", "stone of the courtiers".

Ayurveda considers topaz to be a precious stone that gives an energy charge to the intellect, is able to kindle passion, reduce fear. Its owners are recommended to wear it on the index finger of the right hand, preferably in a gold ring or as a pendant around the neck.

1. Topaz is able to sharpen the reaction to the environment, develops intuition, enhances premonitions. He is highly regarded for his beauty. This stone also has healing powers.
2. In ancient times, it was believed that golden topaz promotes conception in the barren and helps to find the joy of motherhood, it heals crazy people from insanity, can treat liver disease, and restores normal vision with myopia. Topaz gives strength to the weak, and women - beauty, is able to bring wealth and recognition, maintains an optimistic outlook on life.
3. It is also believed that if topaz, framed in silver, is worn around the neck, it will alleviate asthma attacks, relieve insomnia, sharpen taste sensations, cure gout, and help with epilepsy.
4. In chronic diseases, the use of topaz will increase the effectiveness of other healing methods. This stone was also used in the treatment of throat, inflammation of the tonsils, diseases of the spine.

In the era of geographical discoveries, it was believed that topaz could calm storms, so sailors, going on sea voyages, acquired a ring with topaz.

The word "topaz" comes from the Latin topazus, presumably derived from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning heat or fire. Other names for topaz: imperial, Brazilian ruby, heavyweight (in the Urals).

Topaz is an aluminum fluorosilicate. Often there are completely colorless topazes or with shades of various densities: pale yellow, cherry brown, blue, pale green, red, pink, golden. There are stones with the effect of "cat's eye"

Physical properties

• The crystals are prismatic, well formed, rich in facets (rhombic prisms, dipyramids, pinacoids). It occurs in the form of beautiful drusen and fine-grained masses (topaz greisen). Rough shading along the vertical axis of the crystals is characteristic,
• Color yellow, smoky, blue, pink, often colorless,
• glass glitter,
• Characterized by perfect cleavage according to (001),
• hardness 8,
• Density 3.5.

Characteristics of the stone

The mineral is sensitive to heat. She is able to change its color. The stone is hard but brittle and breaks freely. This is due to perfect cleavage in all 3 directions. The gem, although known as a precious mineral, is found in nature more often than others.

Topaz has a diverse color due to small inclusions of metals in the atomic lattice of the mineral. The shape of crystals is most often in the form of a tetrahedral prism with a flat or pyramidal base. The features of the gem include its vertical grooves running along the prismatic facets.

The topaz stone, whose properties make it possible to classify it as an especially hard mineral, is the standard of hardness (8 on the Mohs scale). The high density and high specific gravity gave rise to the term "heavyweight" gem. The mineral was nicknamed so by the Ural miners, who continued to use this name for a long time.

Crystals are afraid of direct rays, under which they tend to fade. Everything fades, except for colorless ones: both irradiated crystals and non-irradiated ones. Wine, tea, pink, purple and rare red gems lend themselves to rapid and uneven fading.

Green and blue topaz stone burns out more slowly - for years. But discoloration occurs before complete burnout. However natural stones tend to restore the natural color, being in the dark.

Such a variety of shades is caused by a certain deviation in the structure of the crystal. Due to this, it became possible to ennoble (burn) a natural blue crystal to a rich, deep color.

The mineral is unstable to the effects of sulfuric acid.

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Origin of topaz

Occurs in pegmatite veins, especially in these cavities in paragenesis with quartz, orthoclase, albite, and micas. In gresen (pneumatolytic origin) it associates with aquamarine, fluorite, cassiterite and wolframite.

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The richest deposit is Ouru Preto and Diamontino (Brazil). The most beautiful crystals of almost all existing colors are mined there. Especially in the price found blue and transparent minerals and the so-called "Brazilian rubies" (red stones).

1. The most important deposit in Europe is the Saxon Vosges (Schneckestein). The history of this deposit dates back to 1700. It is known for its green, colorless and yellow wine minerals. Green stones in honor of the deposit were called "Saxon diamond".
2. Sri Lanka is famous for its colorless crystals or the so-called water sapphires. No less valued are yellow-orange stones - Indian topazes.

This mineral is also mined in Russia. 2 large deposits are known. One is located along the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, and the other is located in Transbaikalia near Nerchinsk. There is also a deposit in the east of Siberia, but less known. In these areas, crystals of various shades are mined: blue, yellow, green, reddish, pale brown.

Story

The origin of the name of this mineral is still unclear. According to one version, the stone is named after the Greek island, near which it was discovered by shipwrecked sailors. Another theory is that the name comes from a Sanskrit word meaning fire and heat, from this information it can be understood that topaz in the area where they were found had a golden-orange color.

Topaz has been valued by people since ancient times. Archaeologists have discovered ritual items made from topaz, as well as various decorations. It is known that this stone was very much appreciated in the Renaissance and was very popular in Rus', where people knew it under the name "heavyweight", which the mineral received due to its high density.

In addition, some topaz can be found in museums. These are huge crystals that were found in the bowels of the earth. The smallest - 10 kg, is stored in the St. Petersburg Museum, and the largest - 117 kg - was discovered in Ukraine. Stones of an unusual size were also found in Brazil; specimens weighing 31.8 and 50.4 kg are kept in the country's museums.

Types and colors of topaz

Initially, natural topaz is transparent and colorless, but stones are found in the mines that amaze with their variety of shades. All kinds of colors are obtained due to various impurities in the composition of the mineral.

1. Yellow, green, blue, blue, pink, red topaz can be found, but this is not the limit - there are polychrome minerals that have several colors at once. Such a rare color is explained not only by the chemical composition, but also by the features of the crystal lattice of the stone, which causes a certain refraction of light, resulting in an unusual effect.
2. Under the influence of sunlight, topaz loses its color, which explains the fact that most of the stones found during excavations were colorless.
3. But the thermal directional effect, a special treatment, allows you to give the mineral a rich blue tint, this is how stones of a similar color are obtained.

Many subspecies of topaz differ not only in their color, but also in the properties that these stones have.

The stone looks regal and is considered one of the most exquisite minerals. It is believed that he makes a person's aspirations more elevated and does not tolerate deceitful people. Also, this stone can serve as a talisman for those who are looking for some information, seeking to get to the bottom of the truth and unraveling a difficult matter.

Sailors believed that blue topaz on a ship would help ensure a successful voyage and calm the storm. As for the healing properties, this stone can cure depression, returning its owners a positive attitude and good spirits. It is also recommended for high blood pressure and asthma.

Yellow

The color of this stone can have shades from golden to brown. A similar variety of topaz was widespread in ancient India, it was there that they discovered and medicinal properties this stone. It is believed that it makes the character of a person more calm, balanced, allowing you to discard disturbing emotions.

It also has a positive effect on the functioning of the liver, stomach, speeds up metabolism. Jewelry made of stone can protect against mental disorders. As for magical properties, yellow topaz amulets helped people see lies and uncover conspiracies.

This is the commercial name for blue topaz. The stone has a special cut and is highly valued in jewelry. In Russia, such topazes can be found quite rarely, but in the West they are popular.

Smoky topaz or rauchtopaz

This stone is not related to topaz, despite its name. In fact, this is one of the varieties of quartz, which, due to its unusual color, was mistakenly attributed to topaz, but the name stuck and was fixed in the trade classification.

• It is believed that rauchtopaz has a beneficial effect on sleep, and also allows you to see prophetic dreams.
• It calms and neutralizes stress, helps to cope with negative emotions.
• This stone introduces a person into a meditative state, so it is not recommended for people who are too dreamy - it will lead them even more away from reality.

Pink

This type of mineral is considered one of the most expensive, along with red topaz. In India, it is believed that the pink stone is able to magically restore lost hope to a person, ease sorrowful experiences and help cope with stress.

Green topaz is a fairly rare, collectible stone. Its color is natural, formed due to the natural effects of radiation.

Blue

Minerals of a similar color are obtained artificially using heat treatment. In the jewelry market, blue topaz is highly valued and has its own special trade names. As for properties, blue topaz has the same qualities as blue.

White

It is believed that this mineral is able to strengthen the immune system and the human nervous system, have a beneficial effect on emotional condition. Amulets made of white topaz are a very good protective tool. In addition, this stone is used to maintain clarity of thought.

This stone belongs to the yellow topaz and has the same characteristics and properties as the yellow variety described above.

How to detect a fake?

Topaz is popular and has a high value, so it is not surprising that scammers fake this stone in an effort to make money. more money. In order not to fall for tricks, you need to be able to distinguish natural stone from fakes.

1. A very simple way to help recognize an imitation is to rub the stone on a woolen cloth. If it becomes electrified and paper starts to stick to it, then you have a real topaz in front of you.
2. A natural mineral has a high hardness and is able to scratch quartz or crystal, but a fake one does not have such properties.
3. Natural stones remain cold for a long time, so if the mineral immediately warms up in your hands, then most likely it is a fake.
4. It is worth noting that light-colored topazes are faked much less often - they are not so rare.
5. If you have a solution of methylene iodide, you can lower the topaz into it - the real one will be at the bottom of the vessel, and the artificial one will remain floating on the surface.
6. Natural samples, as a rule, have minor defects, cracks, while artificial imitation has perfect smoothness.
7. Also, the too bright and saturated color of topaz should alert. In nature, there are no stones of poisonous shades, real minerals have calm, gentle tones, so excessive brightness is a sign of a fake.

In order for jewelry to remain bright and attractive, it is important to properly care for them, as well as to be careful about the direct use of products:

• Remove jewelry when doing household chores: particles of household chemicals can damage the stone. In addition, the structure of the stone is easily chipped: one unsuccessful but accurate blow can break the stone along the cleavage line.
• Try to put on jewelry after you have chosen an outfit, done your hair and applied makeup: regular contact with cosmetics can contribute to the tarnishing of the product.
• Try to put on and wear jewelry in the evening, and in the daytime - hide them from the sun, otherwise the stones can quickly fade or completely discolor.

It is important to clean your jewelry regularly. To do this, a little soap is diluted in warm water or detergent, the stones are soaked in a soapy solution for about 20 minutes. After this, the jewelry is easily cleaned with a regular soft toothbrush, dried and put back in place.

Storage of jewelry also has some peculiarities: it is better to store jewelry separately from each other and wrap it in soft cloths to avoid damage.

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How much is topaz worth?

Mineral prices depend on the type of stone. The most expensive and most valuable are red shades, pink, blue and blue topazes. The cost of such stones starts from 300-600 dollars per carat. Yellow and brown varieties have a slightly lower price, but are not cheap.

If we talk about jewelry, then the cost is also affected by the metal in which the topaz is framed. For example, gold jewelry with this stone will cost more than silver.

Can be similar to many other gemstones, depending on the color. In fact, the ancient Greeks seem to have mistaken chrysolite for topaz. Orange brown and imperial topaz is similar to citrine, zircon, chrysoberyl, golden beryl and sapphire.

Pink is similar to morganite, tourmaline, kunzite, rose quartz and spinel. Yellow can be compared to chrysoberyl, heliodor, zircon and yellow sapphire. Blue topaz is similar to aquamarine, zircon, spinel and euclase.

White shares some characteristics with diamond, zircon, rock crystal and goshenite. Topaz is chemically related to sillimanite, andalusite, canonaite, kyanite, and mullite.

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The most common are yellow minerals, but the variety of shades of gems does not end there. Topazes can be transparent, blue, pink or bright red, purple, brown, golden and pink-yellow.

The main volume of mineral extraction falls on Pakistan. The color of a crystal is not affected by its chemical properties or impurities.

• Gems owe their color to various defects in the structure of the atomic lattice.
• Most of the minerals used in the jewelry industry have a refined color.
• Colorless stones are exposed to harmless radiation until a brown tint is formed, and then heated until the crystal acquires a blue or blue color.

Only experienced jewelers can distinguish between natural and artificial topazes. The only external factor indicating the work on the color of the stone is the oversaturated shade of the gem. The natural mineral has warmer and softer tones. The disadvantage of artificially colored stones can be attributed to the rapid discoloration under the influence of the sun.

Often, cheap types of citrines can be passed off as topaz. Bohemian, Indian, Spanish gems have nothing to do with natural crystal. In most cases this is smoky quartz subjected to heat treatment. Also, instead of faceted topaz, unscrupulous sellers can slip other natural and synthetic analogues. So, blue minerals are similar to aquamarines or zircons, and colorless ones resemble rock crystal.

In most cases, the authenticity of topaz cannot be determined, and the buyer can only check the crystal for hardness. Such minerals are much harder than their quartz counterparts and should leave scratches when passed over glass.

If you touch the gem to the skin, a pleasant chill runs through it. This feeling appears due to the low thermal conductivity of the material. Also in natural crystals often there are defects in the form of cracks and foreign inclusions, which is not found in artificial analogues.

Professional jewelers insert topaz into a ring, bracelet or pendant. The stone is also used to decorate sets. The formation of the cost of topaz depends on its weight, color and transparency of the crystal, as well as on the quality of the cut. The gem must be protected from temperature extremes and mechanical stress in places of cleavage.

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Stone and its magical properties

Like other minerals, topaz has unique magical properties that have been known to people since ancient times.

• In the East, it was called the stone of enlightenment, helping to achieve clarity of thought, gain wisdom and emotional balance.
• In many countries, people noted the strong protective properties of topaz, making all kinds of amulets out of it that can protect against the evil eye, damage and other troubles.
• It is believed that topaz helps to reveal intrigues and recognize lies, to unravel complex cases. But at the same time, the stone itself does not tolerate deceivers and will not help such a person. The owner of topaz must have noble goals in order for the stone to agree to help a person.

In ancient times, it was believed that the mineral was able to calm the raging elements, so topaz was often taken with them on a sea voyage, hoping in this way to avoid a storm.

Depending on the color, varieties of topaz are suitable for different signs of the zodiac.

1. Blue stone is advised to be worn by those born under the constellation Scorpio.
2. Yellow and colorless minerals suit Gemini.
3. For the rest of the signs of the zodiac, topazes are rather neutral, allowing people to use their positive properties.

Topaz can have a negative effect on a dishonest person, destroying relationships built on lies and negatively affecting those people whose thoughts are not distinguished by purity of intentions.

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Yellow and golden rocks will harmoniously fit into the rhythm of Gemini. These yellow minerals are great for lions and maidens. For cancer, blue topazes (jewelry) and greenish shades of gems will be more harmonious. Blue topaz and white items will increase the luck of Cancers. These minerals in rich dark blue with green will come in handy for Gemini.

Red, purple or golden topaz works well for Aries. Capricorn and Virgo - brown, lilac or greenish shades of transparent topaz.

But whatever the color of the jewelry, by its nature, topaz is still a very hard stone. It forces its owner to really look at things and carefully evaluate people, which can be bad for people with big families. Therefore, family Pisces, Taurus and Libra can use these minerals in rare cases and only as decorations, not a talisman.

Topaz is a beautiful and very beautiful mineral. It has a special brilliance, high specific gravity, hardness, an incredible variety of shades. It is so good that it is sometimes confused with a diamond. It is believed that topaz jewelry should not be paired with other gemstones as the topaz can tarnish.

• Topaz jewelry is different interesting feature- the stone is able to change its color scheme.
• When the product is heated, the mineral can completely discolor, and with some types of irradiation, it can become more saturated in color.

The effect of topaz on the human body is only positive. The owner of the jewelry can get rid of depression and fatigue, prolong his life and strengthen his mind, he is charged with positive.
Since ancient times, topaz has been considered a protector from life's storms and adversities. This mineral is useful for businessmen, researchers and tourists.

Topaz as an amulet heals men from impotence, and women from infertility. Each stone in different shades has its own task. The blue stone accelerates tissue regeneration. It balances emotions, strengthens the thyroid gland, and calms. It is a protection against insomnia and mental illness.

The energy of topaz with a slightly blue color helps to realize fantasies and dreams, it is no secret that the presence of a talisman helps many people feel confident. Topaz golden color frees from dangerous and violent passions, it gives a person a feeling of enjoying life, drives away hatred and anger.

Well treats organs: liver, spleen, gallbladder. Relieves stress and helps with energy and nervous exhaustion. The owner of the stone replaces anger with peace and tranquility, infidelity with devotion.

Features of color and zodiac sign

Astrologers recommend wearing topaz in the form of a talisman for the zodiac sign Scorpio. First of all, purple and bluish shades are most useful to them. For scorpion women Jewelry with blue topaz will help you become more insightful and control evil thoughts.

For young scorpion girls, topaz with a slightly more blue color tint can give confidence in their own abilities and liberate themselves in communication with others.

Colorless and yellow stones are suitable for Gemini. Twin women are especially recommended to wear a talisman with blue topaz, it will help make its mistress softer and more pliable, prevent outbursts of anger and negative emotions.

Crayfish are well suited blue - London blue, blue and green topaz. Topaz will teach women who represent this zodiac sign to plan and think about their actions and their consequences.

• Aquarius can be advised pink topaz. A woman seeking to re-attract love to her family hearth, and to understand what kind of relationship she really needs, should wear a pink topaz in a pendant or pendant.
• Red and pink topazes work well for lions. For the female half, jewelry with this color palette will help to reveal the sensual side of their character. golden ring with blue topaz will help the Leo woman find a language with loved ones and subordinates.
• Aries, according to the horoscope, topazes of lilac and golden hue will favor. Jewelry with such topaz endows women with wisdom and prudence.
• For Virgo, purple and yellow topazes should be perfect. For female virgins, this gem makes it possible to make decisions independently and not depend on their emotional state.
• Transparent and green minerals are suitable for Capricorn. Topaz serves as an amulet for people born on the eighth and sixteenth lunar day.
• In Pisces, topaz is able to relieve psycho-emotional stress and tune in a positive way. Blue topaz can give Pisces women some serenity and calmness. And also help restore health and longevity, protect against dangers and intrigues of enemies.

Sagittarius as a talisman, a necklace interspersed is perfect blue topaz. He will not allow the representatives of this zodiac to be sprayed on trifles and directs to a single goal. Such a topaz will give female archers the necessary fortitude to make independent decisions.

Blue topaz is a great help for female calves as a talisman, protects its owner from the evil eye of bad people. For men, it will help to decide in this life, to understand the World and themselves.

For Libra born in October, blue topaz is an excellent talisman in true love and friendship. The girls of this zodiac constellation will be given additional energy and will make them socially more successful and independent.

People born under the zodiac sign Scorpio are especially encouraged to wear topaz. Scorpio women often tend to go to extremes, and the stone restores balance and helps make the right decisions in difficult situations.

In many cases, young Scorpios need judgment and wisdom from outside. When the stubbornness, independence, self-confidence, inconsistency of people under this sign goes off scale, it becomes difficult for them to communicate with people, they should restore ties and relationships, and establish contacts.

During such a period magical properties topaz helps to reconcile with the people of the owner himself, helps to avoid stressful situations and control himself.

The prospects and possibilities of Scorpio in improving oneself are very great, therefore, sooner or later, these desires arise in any person, especially those born under this sign. Topaz helps to concentrate, to know oneself, to reflect, to establish relationships with loved ones, to better understand them. In the second half of life for Scorpions, this becomes especially important.

Basically, topaz is favorable for all signs of the zodiac, it is considered one of the most versatile talisman stones. Topaz gold jewelry is a great gift as it will satisfy even the most picky seekers of meaning. To give this stone means to wish a person good luck, happiness in business and show your disposition.

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Medicinal properties

Topaz is mentioned in ancient medical treatises; it was popular with healers of that time.

• It was believed that topaz helps to cope with poisoning.
• The stone can heal disorders of the nervous system, help to cope with psychological problems, relieve insomnia, fears, worries and depression.

• The effect of the stone on the functioning of the liver, gallbladder and spleen has a beneficial effect.
• Topaz helps to strengthen the immune system during an exacerbation of colds.

• Wearing topaz returns lost appetite, so the stone is recommended for those who want to gain weight, but for those who are losing weight, on the contrary, it is better to use topaz with caution.
• Blue topaz helps to avoid the likelihood of Graves' disease.
• Yellow stones can help to cope with diseases respiratory tract, asthma and bronchitis. Also, the yellow mineral has a good effect on women's health, helping to restore lost cycles, get rid of problems with the uterus and conceive a child. For the same purpose, a transparent stone can help.
• In India, topaz is one of the 12 main stones with the strongest medicinal properties and is used in Ayurvedic practices.

Topaz jewelry is also used as an amulet.

It is believed that wearing a stone can attract good luck, help achieve a favorable outcome in any business. Also, the stone helps to achieve success in professional activities, build a good career and get a money job.

As for individual professions, topaz patronizes scientists, entrepreneurs and travelers.

In addition, topaz amulets are used as a means to help restore the reproductive functions of the body, get rid of infertility and impotence.

A topaz talisman helps to calm down and soften anger, and it can affect both the person himself, returning him emotional stability, and those around him. Therefore, if someone has to communicate with an angry boss, a topaz amulet will help to smooth things out a bit.

It is believed that red and pink topaz can help in love affairs, awaken a romantic mood and make partners more attractive in the eyes of each other.

The magic stone topaz - properties should be known not only by specialists, but also by ordinary people. It is best to wear jewelry with a stone on right hand. Topaz is a stone whose magical properties have no limits. A ring with a gem on the index finger will always show you the right path through life. More than one mystic who believes in parallel worlds, and maybe communicates with its inhabitants, uses these minerals as their guides. It is better that the metal under the stone was yellow color, then the rainbow mineral works better.

Topaz and American gold go well together. You can also wear pendants on your chest or bracelets on your right wrist. Such an amulet, especially a rauch, even protects from the evil eye, if chosen correctly.

Topaz is able to coexist peacefully with other stones, with their relatives. While many gems lose their properties next to their own kind. Topaz, on the contrary, increases strength and maximally saturates its owner with positive energy.

• To use amulets with a semi-precious stone insert means to achieve success in work, to overcome troubles in the team.
• If you use a pendant or brooch as a daily decoration, you will gain vitality, emphasizing it with your own hands, and overcome difficulties.
• Topaz amulets help women open the female love chakra, get rid of infertility. And he has no analogues.
• A man should look at smoky topaz, which, after the acquisition, will give him masculine power to the fullest.
• Golden topaz is usually worn in the form of a small ring or earrings. One trinket with a stone will be enough to increase vitality, even if you keep it at home.

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An almost limitless variety can be obtained from a crystal. jewelry because of its versatility. It is ideal for rings, necklaces, bracelets and pendants and can be molded into almost any shape. Like a diamond, it must be protected from strong impacts by protective parameters in rings for everyday wear.

This is because one blow can cause the stone to break due to its great fragility. Topaz is very hard (8 on the Mohs Hardness Scale), making it tough and scratch resistant.

Famous stones

"Topaz Eldorado" is the largest cut gemstone in the world and weighs 31,000 carats (6.2 kg). This is a cut emerald yellow topaz gemstone that was found in Minas Gerais, Brazil and weighed 37 kg before being cut. American Gold Topaz, which is the largest cut of yellow topaz, weighs an astounding 22,892.5 carats (4.6 kg).

• It is on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC.
• This one of the largest cut crystals in the world came from Minas Gerais in Brazil and it took two years to cut its 172 facets.

There are incredibly huge uncut yellow crystals, reaching a mass of 31 kg and 50 kg. These uncut gems are on display as part of the Smithsonian Museum's collection.

The Chalmers topaz is another huge cut topaz, and weighs 5,899.5 carats (1.17990 kg). It has a white-blue hue on the cut and has an oval shape. Exhibited at the Field Museum of Natural History, USA.

Another notable example is the 1,640 carat Braganza "Diamond", which is part of the Portuguese Crown Jewels collection. It was originally thought to be a diamond as it was found in Minas Gerais, a diamond mine, but was later found to be a white topaz crystal.

Who suits blue topaz

All signs of the Zodiac perceive the mystical stone in their own way. Who suits a valuable natural mineral - let's figure it out.

When choosing natural topaz according to the sign of the zodiac, it is necessary to take into account the color of the stone. The shade should suit you externally and you like the soul. As for Scorpions, lilac and blue rare gems are more suitable for them. They will teach not only to calm emotions, but also to learn about the world and people around them.

This is important for young and middle-aged scorpions. The November zodiac sign and the magical properties of topaz are very interconnected. Scorpio women receive irresistibility from the mineral. Men receive strength and prudence from the stone.

The strangest thing is that the topaz stone gets along with absolutely all the signs of the zodiac whose names you know and helps everyone who will use topaz. Libra and Pisces also get maximum knowledge and energy from topaz. The mineral will help to believe in yourself. Especially, this applies to scales, the forces of which need to be balanced and directed in the right direction.

But it is worth noting Taurus, as a sign completely opposite to Scorpio. Taurus is not recommended to wear jewelry made from these gems (except for white topaz), it will not protect them. Opal or corundum is more suitable for them, as it is similar in color to the blue mineral. The blue natural mineral looks spectacular in silver or white gold.